Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) refers to the breakdown of spinal discs due to loss of hydration, elasticity, and height, typically occurring in the cervical and lumbar regions. Symptoms often include chronic neck or back pain, which can fluctuate and worsen with bending, twisting, or lifting. In advanced stages, degenerated discs may herniate or bulge, causing nerve compression, radiating pain, numbness, or weakness in the limbs. Lifestyle limitations and reduced mobility are common in affected individuals.
The condition is age-related and pervasive—affecting most people over 40. Imaging studies reveal early degeneration even in pain-free individuals, underscoring that symptoms vary widely. Beyond aging, risk factors include genetic predisposition (e.g., variations in collagen production or immune response), smoking, heavy physical labor, obesity, and prior spinal injuries.
Management focuses on conservative approaches: NSAIDs, physical therapy (including core strengthening and posture correction), and ergonomic and lifestyle modifications. Minimally invasive therapies may include epidural steroid injections, basivertebral nerve ablation, sinuvertebral nerve ablation (DISC-FX), nucleus pulposus injection (ViaDisc NP), or PRP injection into the disc. In refractory cases causing significant impairment, surgical options—such as spinal fusion or disc replacement—may be considered.