Neuropathic pain arises from direct nerve damage or dysfunction and is characterized by burning, electric, shooting, or tingling sensations. Common etiologies include diabetes, chemotherapy, postherpetic neuralgia, nerve compression, and central lesions. It is often chronic, significantly impairing quality of life.
Treatments include first-line agents such as gabapentin, pregabalin, and duloxetine; second-line options include tricyclic antidepressants, topical therapies (like lidocaine or capsaicin), nerve blocks, and neuromodulation. Emerging treatments include spinal cord stimulation and other device-based therapies.